Mumbai: The government expects oil prices to rise as high as $120 per barrel for several months because of fighting in Iraq, potentially driving a hole of at least 200 billion rupees ($3.3 billion) in the budget, two government sources told Reuters.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi won last month's general election by a landslide with promises of faster economic growth and new jobs, tapping into voter anger over India's longest slowdown in a quarter of a century. Ahead of his maiden budget next month, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley is grappling with a food inflation scare, and now faces the risk that higher oil prices could swell the government's subsidy bill.
"If oil prices remain high even for three to four months around $120 a barrel, it could have a significant impact on the fiscal deficit and economic growth," a senior Finance Ministry official told Reuters on condition of anonymity. The official added that this could increase subsidy costs by 200-225 billion rupees in the fiscal year to March 31, 2015.
That would threaten the deficit target of 4.1 per cent of gross domestic product inherited from the last government. "If oil prices remain high, it would not be easy to meet the fiscal deficit target," the source added.
India, the world's fourth-largest oil consumer, imports around 4 million barrels a day of crude oil - costing $165 billion a year at current prices, or more than a third of its total import bill. The last government based its interim budget in February on an assumption that India's basket of oil imports would cost around $105 per barrel on average in the current fiscal year.
Prices for Brent crude, an international oil benchmark, have risen by $3 to $113 over the past week, during which Islamic militants have taken control over tracts of northern Iraq and threatened the authority of the Baghdad government.
For every dollar that oil prices rise, the government incurs annual costs of 70-75 billion rupees (around $1.2 billion) to compensate state oil firms for selling diesel, kerosene and other fuels at below cost. Subsidies are assessed quarterly, based on the average oil price in the preceding quarter. That means that the higher expected oil price would feed through into subsidy costs in the second half of the fiscal year.
Refinery Losses
As well as paying out cash subsidies, previous Finance Minister P. Chidambaram allowed liabilities to pile up towards lossmaking state oil refiners, leading to accusations that he was shifting debts off the government's balance sheet.
An official at the Oil Ministry said that these revenue losses at state fuel retailers, or "under-recoveries", could again touch last year's level of nearly 1.4 trillion rupees, up from an earlier estimate of nearly 1 trillion rupees.
ICRA, the Indian arm of ratings agency Moody's, estimates that the losses could rise further to 1.5 trillion rupees if the rupee falls further to 62 to the U.S. dollar. The rupee sank on Tuesday to its lowest level since late April, before recovering slightly to 60.12 on Wednesday after senior officials played down the economic threat posed by the Iraq crisis.
Fuel subsidies have been widely criticised as a regressive tax on the poor that rewards relatively affluent Indian drivers, and retail prices for diesel are being gradually raised to bring them into line with market prices over time.
Finance Ministry officials and private economists favour a one-time hike in diesel prices of about one rupee a litre and a marginal increase in kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas prices to offset the fiscal impact of elevated oil prices. But the government is unlikely to hike fuel prices beyond monthly increases of 50 paise per litre in diesel prices already being made, amid growing fears of a drought and its impact on inflation.
India's consumer price inflation eased to 8.28 percent in May, but remains a concern. Wholesale price inflation was stronger than expected at 6.01 percent, a five-month high. "An increase in diesel prices by one rupee a litre could lead to a rise in retail inflation by 0.8 to 1 percentage point," said N.R. Bhanumurthy, an economist at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, a Delhi think-tank. "It may be politically acceptable at this stage," he said.
