View from Pakistan: Preserving 18th Amendment may be key to Pak’s ‘federal’ future
As Benjamin Franklin was leaving the United States Constitutional Convention where framers of the US Constitution had gathered to, well, frame the Constitution, a woman asked, “Doctor, what have we got? A republic or a monarchy?” “A republic, if you can keep it,” was Franklin’s reply.
The unanimous approval of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in our own context marked Parliament’s desire to revisit the relationship between the federation and the provinces. By giving more autonomy to the provinces, the Amendment promised to make the provinces more responsive to the aspirations of the people. The Amendment, one hoped, would allay Balochistan’s grievances and address Sindh’s underdevelopment. Nonetheless, politicians associated with the ruling party as well as certain purportedly non-political institutions have, in recent times, raised questions as to whether we should keep the Amendment and the scheme of financial devolution thereunder.
It was in this context that the Supreme Court was seized of a case involving the federal and Sindh governments’ rival claims as regards the ownership and control of three hospitals in Karachi. Holding that the transfer of the hospitals from the federal to the provincial government under the 18th Amendment was invalid, the court, by a majority of four to one (with Justice Maqbool Baqar dissenting), reverted control of the hospitals to the federation.
Majority — ubiquitous federation. Four out of the five judges of the bench in their short order held that the federation could not be curtailed from operating hospitals in any of the provinces, in view of entry 37 of the Federal Legislative List. The said entry provides that the federal government can undertake projects and works in any of the federating units for the purposes of the federation.
Public health and hospitals, however, have vested exclusively in the provinces since the Government of India Act, 1935. The Constitutions of 1956, 1962, the interim Constitution of 1972, and ultimately the Constitution of 1973, have all maintained the province’s exclusive authority over health and public hospitals. One wonders as to how operating hospitals then, could constitute a “purpose of the federation”, given the Constitution’s express prescription to the contrary.
The majority in its short order further holds that the federal government could not be precluded from building and operating hospitals in any of the federating units since the right to healthcare was a right in penumbra (a right that is not spelt out but implied) to the right to life. The protection of fundamental rights, it holds, is the primary obligation of the federal government. The federal government could, thus, not be stopped from fulfilling what was the citizens’ fundamental right. While the state admittedly has the obligation to fulfil and safeguard fundamental rights, we may ask if the difference between “state” and the “federal government” has escaped the majority’s attention.
Fundamental rights have to be fulfilled by the constituent elements of the state, including the federal, provincial and local governments according to their sphere defined under the Constitution. Holding that the federal government could not be prevented from protecting the right to life paves the way for the federal government to, among other things, establish its own police force in the provinces and thus encroach upon the space ceded to the provinces.
Minority — provincial autonomy, supremacy of the Constitution. Justice Baqar who survived a terror attack by the banned Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in 2013, and has since written a number of dissenting notes, including one on the protection of heritage in the face of rapid and unplanned development, starts his argument with a quote by Justice Douglas. He says that “the right to dissent is the only thing that makes life tolerable for a judge of an appellate court”. He notes that the subject of public health and hospitals has “throughout our constitutional history” remained exclusively with the provinces. It was in recognition of this fact that hospitals across the country, save those located in the federal capital, have been owned and operated by the provinces. Secondly, he observes that federalism represents the spirit and soul of our Constitution. At the heart of federalism, lay the idea of provincial autonomy. The court’s endeavour should, therefore, be to interpret constitutional provisions in a manner that expands the frontiers of such autonomy rather than dilutes the same.
Disregarding the mandatory provisions of the Constitution as regards provincial autonomy, he warns, would “encourage and embolden those averse to the rule of law and those who have scant regard for the supremacy of the Constitution”. He concludes his note with the “hope that what may be a dissent today, becomes the law tomorrow”.
Former chief justice Claire L’Heureux-Dube of the Canadian Supreme Court once said that “the voices of dissent on the court usually form the future of the court’s precedence”. Will the minority decision in the hospitals’ devolution case become the majority tomorrow or will the encroachments on provincial autonomy conflagrate the simmering tensions between the federation and the provinces? As we wait for this crucial question to be answered, let us collectively say a prayer. The polis, after all, may be falling apart.
By arrangement with Dawn
