Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will reduce the nutritional value of rice, a study has found.
In rice grown under higher carbon dioxide concentrations expected in the second half of this century - 568 to 590 parts per million - levels of iron, zinc, protein, and vitamins B1, B2, B5, and B9 were found to be reduced.
"Rice is not just a major source of calories, but also proteins and vitamins for many people in developing countries and for poorer communities within developed countries," said Kazuhiko Kobayashi of the University of Tokyo.
Populations in countries with both the highest rice consumption and lowest gross domestic product may experience more malnutrition as the nutritional value of low-cost staple foods like rice declines.
Not all varieties of rice responded in the same way, so future research projects may examine the possibility of finding varieties of rice that can remain nutritious despite the change in the atmosphere.
The rice was grown at research sites in China and Japan using an open-field method where researchers build 17-metre-wide plastic pipe octagons elevated about 30 centimeters above the tops of plants within standard rice fields.
A network of sensors and monitors measure wind speed and direction to determine how much carbon dioxide is released out of the pipes to raise the local carbon dioxide concentration to the desired experimental level. The technique is known as Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE).
"I first started using this technique in 1998, because we knew that plants raised in a plastic or glass house do not grow the same as plants in normal, open field conditions," said Kobayashi.
"This technique allows us to test the effects of higher carbon dioxide concentrations on plants growing in the same conditions that farmers really will grow them some decades later in this century," he said.
Local wildlife has sometimes added an additional challenge to the research.
"At our first field site, we learned we have to keep all of the pipes and tubes above the ground because raccoons kept chewing through everything and jeopardized the experiment," said Kobayashi.
Researchers analysed a total of 18 different varieties of rice for protein, iron, and zinc levels. Nine varieties of rice grown in China were used for the vitamin B1, B2, B5, and B9 analyses.
Other common names for the vitamins are thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and folate (B9).
