Scientists have developed a breakthrough technique that uses light to activate a drug stored in circulating red blood cells so that it is released exactly when and where it is needed to treat diseases and eliminate the side effects.
The work, by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the US, has profound implications for the field of drug delivery by using red blood cells to carry drugs and then using light to release them in precise locations.
The technique, which overcomes a decades-long scientific hurdle, could drastically reduce the amount of a drug needed to treat disease and thus side effects.
"Using light to treat a disease site has a lot of benefits beyond the is-not-that-cool factor," said Professor David Lawrence, who led the research.
"Those benefits could include avoiding surgery and the risk of infection, making anaesthesia unnecessary and allowing people to treat themselves by shining a light on a problem area, such as an arthritic knee," Lawrence said.
Lawrence and his team attached a drug molecule to vitamin B12 and loaded the compound into red blood cells, which can circulate for up to four months, providing a long-lasting reservoir of medicine that can be tapped as needed.
They then demonstrated their ability to overcome a longtime technical hurdle: using long-wavelength light to penetrate deep enough into the body to break molecular bonds; in this case, the drug linked to vitamin B12.
Long-wavelength light can penetrate much more deeply into the body, but it does not carry as much energy as short wavelength light, and cannot typically break molecular bonds.
To activate the drug with long-wavelength light, Lawrence and his team had to figure out how to do it in a way that required less energy.
"That's the trick, and that is where we have been successful," said Lawrence.
Lawrence's team solved the energy problem by introducing a weak energy bond between vitamin B12 and the drug and then attached a fluorescent molecule to the bond.
The fluorescent molecule acts as an antenna, capturing long wavelength light and using it to cut the bond between the drug and the vitamin carrier.
Lawrence pointed to some complex and deadly cancers where physicians might have a better chance of helping the patient if a wide array of anti-cancer agents could be used.
"The problem is when you start using four or five very toxic drugs you're going to have intolerable side effects," he said.
"However, by focusing powerful drugs at a specific site, it may be possible to significantly reduce or eliminate the side effects that commonly accompany cancer chemotherapy," said Lawrence.
The research was published in the journal Angewandte Chemie.
