Washington: In a new study, researchers have established that neither the ratio of female managers nor the gender of workers' individual manager, affect the earning of workers in an organisation. The study was published in the European Sociological Review.
"There are very good reasons to believe women should benefit from having a female manager, so we were surprised to find that this is not the case. I believe the next step is to dig deeper into the mechanisms of how this occurs," said the paper's lead author, Margriet van Hek.
The past decades have seen a steady increase in women's representation in all levels of management. Women's access to management has been the subject of many studies, which have led to insights on how gender inequality in access to power is established.
Now that women increasingly occupy managerial positions, the question arises what the implications of the growing number of women in these positions might be. Managers play a key role in organisations and decide on the hiring, wages, promotions and training of employees.
As such, a change in the demographic representation of managers may affect inequalities among employees. Many studies have investigated explanations for the gender gap in earnings, but only a small proportion has concentrated on the influence of women's representation in management.
There are reasons to expect that the female manager may lack the power or do not have the motivation to enhance the earnings of other women. Female managers may not have sufficient power to significantly influence the earnings of other women in the organisation. Female managers may often be stuck at lower levels of management, where they do not have enough power to substantially affect the careers of employees.
Researchers investigated whether female managers contribute to greater gender equality in organisations. Specifically, they examined the impact of the share of female managers in an organisation and the influence of direct supervision by a female manager.
The researchers used manager-employee linked data from nine European countries to test these hypotheses. The employees studied worked in manufacturing, healthcare, higher education, transportation, financial services and telecommunication sectors.
The results indicated a considerable variation of inequality between women's and men's earnings between departments and organisations. Nevertheless, despite the widespread presence of women in organisations there exists a considerable and significant gender gap in earnings.
Women in the sample earn on average 7 per cent less than men, regardless of the gender of their direct supervisor and regardless of the share of female managers in the organisation. Considering a 40-hour workweek, the gender gap in earnings is about EUR 104 per month (the equivalent of almost USD 118). This figure is only adjusted for working hours and not for the sector, country, educational attainment, job status and other organisational or individual characteristics.
Women in management positions do not appear to make a substantial contribution to gender equality in earnings in organisations. While other studies, however, have demonstrated that organisational culture and policies greatly influence the motivation and opportunities of female managers to contribute to gender equality in organisations, these results show that women's and men's earnings are not affected by the share of female managers in their organisation.
