Friday’s British election has been billed as the most unpredictable contest in 70 years, notwithstanding the impression that it will result in another hung parliament. Back in 1945, the result may have been unexpected but it was also unequivocal: the Labour Party won by a landslide. An electorate that had hung on Winston Churchill’s words during his tenure as the wartime PM chose to ignore his warnings about the “extreme socialism” his opponents would usher in.
Wartime exigencies may generally have been viewed as a necessary evil, but they also created the impression that it wasn’t such a bad idea for the levers of economic power to be controlled by the state. The government led by the Clement Attlee proved to be among the most consequential that Britain has witnessed.
On the international front, it acknowledged that the days of the British Empire were numbered by fast-tracking Indian Independence. Domestically, Labour nationalised key components of the economy.
Back then, the Attlee government’s achievements were uncontroversial. In a nod to popular mood, the Conservatives — who regained power in 1951 under Churchill — did not strive to roll back Labour’s measures. The postwar welfare state remained effectively unchallenged until 1979.
The advent of Margaret Thatcher inaugurated a new era, and when Labour returned to power under Tony Blair in 1997, it chose to retain her platform. The NHS, though, remains a sensitive zone, and has resurfaced this year as a prominent area of contention, with Labour under Ed Miliband arguing that it alone can protect the health service from steady privatisation. David Cameron’s Conservatives contend that the NHS will be safe under them. Labour has latched on to the NHS as a key policy issue. The propaganda against Miliband is largely focused on portraying him as a puppet of the Scottish National Party, derided in England as a separatist outfit.
The SNP long ago supplanted Labour as the most popular party north of the border, and opinion polls hint at the possibility of a clean sweep by the SNP in Scotland. Even if that does not occur, it is more or less bound to emerge as the third largest party in the Commons. Chances are high that, in collaboration with Labour, it could help to wrest power from the Tories.
Miliband, however, has vowed not to enter into a coalition with the Scottish National Party, or even an understanding that would enable him to lead a minority Labour government. It is not inconceivable that he could change his mind in the light of the political arithmetic that emerges on Friday morning.
On the other side, Cameron faces the prospect of a Conservative leadership contest should he fail to win a clear majority. Back in 2010, he was propelled into No 10 Downing Street by the willingness of the Liberal Democrats to enter into a coalition. But the Lib-Dems’ influence on policy remained marginal, and the disillusionment they inspired is likely to manifest in the results.
Besides, powerful voices among the Conservatives are opposed to renewing the contract. The alternative may turn out to be some sort of arrangement with Nigel Farage’s Euro-phobic UK Independence Party.
In the absence of a clear result, Britain may be compelled to reconsider the viability of its first-past-the-post electoral system, which affords candidates a majority on the basis of a relatively small proportion of the vote. Its inadequacies have generally elicited the response that at least it enables political stability — unlike much of the rest of Europe, where various forms of proportional representation lead to coalitions or minority governments.
A second successive hung Parliament would perhaps undermine that argument, though. A better case against PR rests on the basis that party lists would make it even harder to relate to politics by erecting yet another barrier between the electors and the elected. However, a second round of voting, as in France, or preferential voting, as in Australia, could render the British system less undemocratic without eliminating constituency candidates.
The past decades have meanwhile demonstrated the lack of clear space between the main contenders for power, which in turn has fed into apathy. Friday’s elections will nonetheless be interesting, not only in terms of the potential coalition it throws up but also as an indicator of the level of political engagement — and of how far Britain is from a course that would rescue it from the sharply rising disparities of wealth that have blighted it in the recent past.
By arrangement with Dawn
