The weeds of the old polity have begun to blight the crop sowed with great expectations. Two months after the Modi government was installed in Delhi, a widespread feeling has begun to creep in, and that too mostly among the believers, that the regime has lost its way. The nature and direction of the first Modi-Jaitely Budget only served to accentuate that feeling. With August 15 nearing and Prime Minister Narendra Modi set to make his first Independence Day speech to the country, there is a buzz in Delhi that with the nation’s attention fully focused on him, Mr Modi will make some big announcements to signal major reforms and directional shifts.
The issue that is being talked about openly is a major initiative on greater financial inclusion. The first phase of this plan would be to bring in an additional 75 million households into the banking system. India has about 310 million bank accounts.
According to the Census, of a total of 192 million households in the country only 68 million households, about 35.5 per cent, avail of banking services.
There are many reasons why this becomes important, not the least being the direct transfer of benefits. An entirely new system of transferring subsidies by bypassing the corrupt and bureaucratic system can be contem-plated with universal or near universal financial inclusion.
Thus, instead of food subsidies supposedly being delivered by the public distribution system), a direct cash transfer will stem the haemorrhage that keeps people without benefits and angry. With cash in hand, a person can go out and buy foodgrains from the regular distribution chain. If this system is extended to the purchase of fertilisers and electricity, we are looking at a system that could eliminate many distortions in the economic system we have created. I don’t think that everyone in the government is thinking that far ahead, but some certainly are. The first major step to a new and even cashless system is universal coverage by banking services. This may not be as far fetched as it may seem now.
The number of debit cards issued by banks is growing at a compound annual rate of 18 per cent and this pace is expected to be sustained if not improved. With the focus on higher bank inclusion, as many as 514 million bank customers, or nearly half of India’s population, will be issued debit cards in the next three years.
We have more immediate reasons to speed up financial inclusion also. The savings/GDP ratio has sharply dropped from 38.1 per cent in 2008 to 30.1 per cent in 2012. This means a depletion of credit availability by as much as $200 billion or Rs 12 lakh crore. The biggest drop has been in household savings, which has been slowing down by as much a 1 per cent a year. A high savings/GDP ratio is essential if we have to maintain a high investment/GDP ratio. With investment slowing down, job creation and growth will inevitably slowdown. This is the economy’s single-biggest challenge.
The other major reason for banks to bring in more financial inclusion is requirements of credit deposit ratios (CDR). Lending our money to others for a profit is the banks’ main business. But lending is also a risky business.
In March 2014, as much as 4.6 per cent of all advances were deemed non-performing assets. Gross NPAs of 40 listed banks shot up by 35.2 per cent or Rs 63,386 crore for the nine months ending December 2013 to cross the Rs 2.4 lakh crore mark. Ten out of the 40 listed banks accounted for nearly 70 per cent of the total gross NPAs of Rs 2.43 lakh crore. SBI at 28 per cent and Rs 67,799 crore has the largest share in the total gross NPAs.
The RBI has warned that there are chances that the NPA ratio could increase to 5.5 per cent if macroeconomic conditions deteriorate. There’s indication that under a severe stress scenario, gross NPAs for public sector banks might rise to 6.1 per cent by March 2015 from 4.6 per cent in March 2014.
As per banking norms this means Indian banks, particularly the 14 government-owned banks, are severely stressed. There are two ways to bring the banks within the prescribed stress levels. The first is to increase the capital base of the banks. To retain the current level of control the government has to bring in a huge Rs 90,000 crore. The other way to dress up the banks’ financials is to increase its deposit base. In reality, they need both as even to raise the deposit base the banks need increased capitalisation. Greater financial inclusion, apart from its many systemic benefits, will also restore the health of the banking system.
At the moment of writing, the economy has shown some welcome signs of renewed growth. But prudence demands that we be prepared for any eventualities. The monsoon has largely played truant this year. The external situation continues to be troubled in the oil-producing region.
The writer held senior positions in government and industry, and is a policy analyst studying economic and security issues. He also specialises in the Chinese economy.
