Washington: President Barack Obama faces the prospect this week of having to offer his congratulations to a leader who was barred from the United States less than 10 years ago over Gujarat massacres in 2002.
As voting concluded for general election on Monday, four major exit polls showed Narendra Modi set to become prime minister, with his Bharatiya Janata Party and its allies forecast to sweep to a parliamentary majority.
A Modi victory would be a blow for campaigners who have long maintained he is an autocratic Hindu supremacist responsible for an outbreak of religious riots in Gujarat in 2002 in which more than 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, died.
Modi was shunned by Western nations for years after the bloodshed in Gujarat, where he has been chief minister since 2001. He was denied a US visa in 2005 under the terms of a 1998 US law, which bars entry to foreigners who have committed "particularly severe violations of religious freedom."
Modi's rise on the national stage, however, and the importance of relations with India, which the United States sees as a key counterbalance to China in Asia, have forced a rethink. Ambassadors of the European Union and the United States have met Modi to patch up relations.
Modi has denied any wrongdoing in 2002 and, in 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that he had no case to answer.
The US State Department has repeatedly declined to spell out whether it will issue a visa to Modi as prime minister, but analysts say it is all but certain he will be given one because of the "strategic" nature of the US-India relationship, which Obama has called "one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century."
On Monday the State Department described the Indian elections, which were spread over five weeks, as "an inspiring example of the power of the democratic process in action" and stressed their peaceful nature - in spite of the killing of 41 Muslims in Assam.
"We view our relationship with India as one that's vitally important for economic, strategic reasons," spokeswoman Jen Psaki said. "We look forward to working with the leaders chosen by the Indian people to advance this important partnership and to set an ambitious agenda."
Members of the US Congress campaigned against a visa for Modi in 2005 under the International Religious Freedom Act, but the strength of the anti-Modi lobby has since dwindled.
MODI TO VISIT UN?
In March, a report to the US Congress by a specialist in US immigration policy, Ruth Wasem, noted the 2010 Supreme Court ruling and said that if Modi were to become prime minister he would be covered by diplomatic immunity and qualify for a visa.
Wasem, a researcher for the Congressional Research Service, said Obama has authority under the US immigration act to deny entry to anyone who has committed "crimes against humanity or other serious human violations of human rights, or who attempted or conspired to do so."
Since no case has been proven against Modi, however, this is unlikely. One congressional aide said Modi could visit as early as September for the UN General Assembly in New York.
Ashley Tellis, a South Asia expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said that if Modi were elected, Secretary of State John Kerry should visit India as soon as possible and Modi should be invited to the United States.
"I think the Obama administration will reach out to him if he is elected as prime minister as it would the leader of any other friendly state," Tellis said.
"Whatever one thinks of Modi, India matters to US national interests - and the administration should take its bearings from that fact when engaging Modi," he said.
Dan Twining of the German Marshall Fund policy group said the United States needs India as "a strong southern anchor of the Asian balance of power" and "both should look to the future."
Human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have not taken a position on the Modi visa issue, but said it was important for Washington to press India's new government to end impunity and promote freedom of expression.
