Washington: The Zika virus, which has been linked to serious birth defects, may have been present in the Americas well before it was first identified in Brazil in March last year, a new study has found.
According to researchers at the University of Florida (UF) in the US, the Zika virus was present in Haiti several months before the first cases were reported from Brazil. The findings also suggest that the spread of Zika virus in the Americas was likely more complicated than early theories presumed.
"We know that the virus was present in Haiti in December of 2014," said Dr Glenn Morris, a professor of medicine and the director of UF's Emerging Pathogens Institute.
"And, based on molecular studies, it may have been present in Haiti even before that date," said Morris.
Although the findings suggest that the Zika virus was circulating in the Americas prior to 2015, what remains unclear is exactly what confluence of factors caused the virus to take off in Brazil.
Researchers hope further enquiry will shed light on the factors that led to the proliferation of Zika virus in Brazil as well as the sharp rise in the number of birth defects in that nation in cases where pregnant women were infected with the then-uncommon flavivirus.
Scientists isolated the Zika virus from three patients while studying the transmission of dengue and chikungunya in Haiti in 2014. School children exhibiting febrile illness within the Gressier/Leogane region of Haiti were taken to a free outpatient clinic, where blood samples were drawn and screened for dengue, chikungunya and malaria.
Upon isolation, the viruses were first considered "mystery" viruses, as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests indicated they were neither dengue nor chikungunya viruses, and little attention had been paid to the possibility that Zika virus might be present in the Caribbean.
Using a sophisticated RT-PCR based method that potentially amplifies any RNA, the researchers produced PCR amplicons that were subsequently sequenced and identified as Zika virus sequences.
The plasma samples that yielded Zika virus were taken three months before March 2015, when Brazilian scientists first confirmed via genetic analysis that Zika virus was present in Brazil and causing a significant disease burden in the South American nation.
The Zika virus was virtually unknown outside of public health circles prior to the 2007 outbreak in the Yap Islands, a small group of islands in Micronesia where an estimated 73 per cent of residents 3 years of age and older were infected
with the virus.
"The Brazilian and Haitian strains are genetically similar," said John Lednicky, an associate professor in the UF College of Public Health.
The findings were published in journal PLOS NeglectedTropical Diseases.
